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History Of The Computerflip-Flops – A Basic Counter
Flip-Flops – A primary counter
We appeared on the Binary system, and primary computer logic elements, in earlier articles, “It’s a binary world – how computers count” and “How computer systems add – a logical approach”.
Now we will combine two components of these articles to have a look at a counter. Another widespread logic component in a pc is a counter or timer. This could b to rely gadgets going past a sensor on an assembly line, or presumably a depend-down timer. For example, if you have a late model washer it can have a simple laptop utilizing a depend down timer to provide 10 minute wash cycle, etc.
There are several types of counter, nearly all of which use a basic aspect of electronics, the Flip-Flop. And also you thought they had been rubber sneakers English individuals put on to the bathe or the beach. (At this level Australians say “I believed they had been called thongs”).
OK back on topic. The flip-flop is as old as electronics, and is a basic instance of the binary system. It has doable secure states, A or B, and can be ‘toggled’ from one state to the opposite, similar to a ‘push-on, push-off’ switch. It was originally made with two vacuum tubes (or one, for example a double triode).
It normally has outputs, one being the complement of the other. That’s,if one output(A) is a logic zero, the other(B) is a logic 1, and vice-versa. The enter, or Toggle(T) is at logic 0 till a pulse from a sensor, for instance, comes along. This pulse takes the logic state to 1, then again to 0. The toggle impact, causing the Flip-Flop to flip, is definitely the CHANGE from 0 to 1.
In logic terms the flip-flop is made up using AND and OR gates, in logic cicuitry it is only a ‘black box’ labelled FF. Several FFs may be grouped into one more black box, a counter, timer, or multivibrator.
We can make up a Reality Table, which we have used before. When you recall, a truth table tells you what the Output will likely be for all possible Inputs.
TRUTH TABLE for Flip Flop – Toggle (C)hange,- Outputs A and B.
INITIAL STATE
T B A 0 1 zero ‘A’ output is 0
PULSE 1
T B A C zero 1 ‘A’ output is 1
PULSE 2
T B A C 1 0 ‘A’ output is 0
Now we string some flip-flops together to make a counter. Say now we have a sensor on a beer bottling machine, which has to count 5 bottles earlier than switching the feed, we need to count as much as 5, or a hundred and one in Binary. We’ll need 3 flip-flops, for binary bits 0,1 and 2, comparable to decimal bit worth of 1,2 and 4.
We will take the A output of the 3 flip-flops to a decoder black box, which we can use to detect once we get to five, then change the feed. The B output of flip-flop 0 is passed to the toggle enter of flip-flop 1 through an AND gate, so the next pulse from the sensor (which goes to all 3 flip-flops) at this AND gate will toggle the flip-flop, relying on the worth of the B output, zero or 1. Similarly the B output of flip-flop 1 goes to the toggle of flip-flop three by way of an AND gate.
Our 3 Flip-Flops now provide you with a truth desk like this:-
INITIAL STATE
FF2 FF1 FF0
TBA TBA TBA
010 010 010 ‘A’ outputs 000 – 0
PULSE 1
FF2 FF1 FF0
TBA TBA TBA
C10 C10 C01 ‘A’ outputs 001 – 1
[The (C)hange flips FF0 (at all times). FF1 & FF2 are blocked by the AND gate which wants a zero enter from the earlier FF 'B' output AND the pulse change.]
PULSE 2
FF2 FF1 FF0
TBA TBA TBA
C10 C01 C10 ‘A’ outputs 010 – 2
[The (C)hange flips FF0 (at all times). FF1 flips beacause the 'B' output from FF0 is a 0 when the Pulse arrives. FF2 is blocked as before.]
PULSE three
FF2 FF1 FF0
TBA TBA TBA
C10 C01 C01 ‘A’ outputs 011 – 3
[FF0 flips, FF1 is blocked again,as is FF2.]
PULSE 4
FF2 FF1 FF0
TBA TBA TBA
C01 C10 C10 ‘A’ outputs 100 – 4
(FF0 flips, FF1 flips, FF2 flips.)
PULSE 5
FF2 FF1 FF0
TBA TBA TBA
C01 C10 C01 ‘A’ outputs 101 – 5
count full!
[FF0 flips, FF1 and FF2 are blocked.]
This counter can depend up to 111, 7 decimal, it then resets to 0. A couple of interesting points to notice are:-
1. FF0 flips every pulse. FF1 flips every 2 pulses. FF2 flips each 4 pulses etc. These information can be utilized to make up a divider, which will be cascaded. For instance the 4 pulse output can go to a second counter which additionally gives a 4 pulse output, totalling 16. This can be expanded to make up a decadic counter by decoding a depend of 1010 (10 decimal) and using this to toggle the following counter, etc. What about 60 and 12 for your digital watch?
2. Take a look at the ‘B’ outputs from the counter. In sequence the
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How To: Make Custom Bottle Labels.
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